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Since 2002, the European Union has become increasingly active abroad under the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). As of February 2014, it has engaged in 30 operations, using civilian and military instruments in several countries in three continents (Europe, Africa and Asia). Fifteen of these operations are currently ongoing, and fifteen are completed.〔European Union External Action > EU Operations ()〕〔Benjamin Pohl (2013) (The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations ), ''European Security'', 22(3): 307-325, (DOI:10.1080/09662839.2012.726220 ), p. 311.〕 ==Ongoing operations== ;Europe *European Union Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR Althea), 2 December 2004 – present: This is an EU military operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a transition from the NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) that was deployed to the region following the Bosnian war. Transfer of authority from SFOR to EUFOR happened on 2 December 2004. *European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM), 1 December 2005 – Present: A border assistance mission to prevent smuggling, trafficking, and customs fraud on the Transnistria-section of the border. *European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX Kosovo), 9 December 2008 – Present: Police and civilian mission to Kosovo following 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence. This mission operates under the umbrella of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. Serbia and a number of countries had initially strictly objected to the mission and supported UNMIK, demanding approval by the United Nations Security Council, which was rendered in late 2008.〔(B92 News )〕 After signing a 5-point plan between Serbia and the United Nations, the United Nations Security Council approved the addition of the EULEX as an assistance mission subjected to the UNMIK, rather than outright replacing it, which would be technical in essence and not address the Kosovo status question, also rejected the Ahtisaari plan which the EULEX had originally supported. Today, the NATO-led Kosovo Force continues to operate as well, though it now only consists of about 5,000 troops.〔NATO > Current Operations and Missions ()〕 *European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia (EUMM Georgia), 1 October 2008 – Present: Ceasefire monitoring mission after 2008 South Ossetia war. ;Africa *European Union Security Sector Reform Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (EUSEC RD Congo), 8 June 2005 – Present: The European Union mission is to provide advice and assistance for security sector reform in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.〔(USEC DR Congo ) The Council of the European Union〕 Among EUSEC DR Congo's projects was the 'Modernisation de l’Administration des Forces Armées de la RDC' (Modernisation of the Administration of the FARDC) underway in December 2008, under which, amongst other projects, information technology training was being delivered.〔Council of the European Union, (Note Technique: Projet "Modernisation de l'Administration des FARDC" Formation en Technologies d’Information au profit des Forces Armées de la RDC ), November 2008〕 It appears that in December 2009, Secretary-General/High Representative Javier Solana issued a formal invitation for the United States government to offer a contribution to EUSEC RD Congo.〔U.S. Embassy Brussels, (EU: Help Us Reform Congo's Army ), 09BRUSSELS1606, 1 December 2009, via United States diplomatic cables leak〕 EUSEC DR Congo was initially planned in 2005-06 to include eight EU advisors assigned to posts in the DRC's integrated military structure (Structure Militaire d'Integration (?)), the army general staff, the National Committee for Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (CONADER?), the Joint Operational Committee, and the Ministry of Defence.〔Sharon Wiharta, 'Peacebuilding: the new international focus on Africa,' SIPRI Yearbook 2006, Oxford University Press, p.154.〕 From 2007 to 2011 EUSEC personnel grew from 8 to 46, with about 30 locally employed staff. 34 locally employed staff were listed in 2011. In 2008 with 46 staff 26 were in Kinshasa and 20 in the eastern DRC. Two personnel have died due to illness.〔SIPRI Yearbook 2007-2011.〕 * European Union Congo Police Mission (EUPOL RD Congo), 1 July 2007 – 30 September 2014: Established as a successor to EUPOL Kinshasa with an initial mandate until 30 June 2008. * European Union Naval Force Somalia (EUNAVFOR Operation Atalanta), in international waters〔Somalia allows military ships only from France, United States and India to enter its territorial waters.〕 5 November 2008 – Present: To combat piracy in Somalia, initial mandate of twelve months. * European Union Training Mission Somalia] (EUTM Somalia), in Somalia, May 2010 – Present: To strengthen the Somali Armed Forces and contribute to the local stabilisation process.〔(European Union Somalia Training Mission )〕 Since 2007, NATO has provided support to African Union peacekeepers.〔NATO > Current Operations and Missions ()〕 * European Union Regional Maritime Capacity Building for the Horn of Africa and the Western Indian Ocean (EUCAP NESTOR), Launched on 16 July 2012 – Present: EUCAP NESTOR is a regional training mission under preparation, which will aim at strengthening the maritime capacities of eight countries in the Horn of Africa and the Western Indian Ocean.〔European Union External Action > EUCAP NESTOR ()〕〔Global Governance Institute > Analysis of EUCAP NESTOR ()〕 Since 2003, NATO has also operated its own counter-piracy mission off of the Horn of Africa as well.〔NATO > Current Operations and Missions ()〕 * European Union Capacity Building (EUCAP Sahel Niger) in Niger, July 2012 – Present: * European Union Mali Training Mission (EUTM Mali) in Mali, from 18 February 2013 – Present: Training mission for Malian armed forces, in accordance with UN Security Council Revolution 2085 (2012), to restore peace and stability in the Sahel region.〔European Union External Action > EUTM Mali ()〕 *European Union Military Operation in Libya (EUFOR Libya), from 22 May 2013 – Present: This mission supports the Libyan post-conflict reconstruction.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/eeas/security-defence/eu-operations/eufor-libya?lang=en )〕 ;Asia *European Union Border Assistance Mission for the Rafah Crossing Point (EUBAM Rafah), 25 November 2005 – Present: A border monitoring mission at the Rafah border-crossing between the Gaza and Egypt. *European Union Coordinating Office for Palestinian Police Support (EUPOL COPPS), 1 January 2006 – Present: EU support to the Palestinian civil police, security sector reform and criminal justice. *European Union Police Mission to Afghanistan (EUPOL Afghanistan), 15 June 2007 – Present: A police training mission to Afghanistan, launched on 15 June 2007 and to last at least three years. This may contribute to the NATO International Security Assistance Force's 2014 deadline to transfer full security operations to Afghan police and military personnel.〔(Eupol Afghanistan ). See also ISIS Europe, (An Opportunity for Whom? )〕〔NATO > Current Missions and Operations ()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Military operations of the European Union」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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